The Economic Analysis of the United States

Smoking and Lung Cancer Lung Cancer represents fifteen percent of all disease cases, and an expected 170,000 individuals in the United States get lung malignancy a year. (5)About 155,000 of those individuals bite the dust from the malignancy. As of late, the pace of ladies influenced by lung disease has expanded, while the pace of men influenced has diminished. Be that as it may, lung malignant growth is the main disease that executes the two ladies and men. (1) So, what is lung disease? Lung disease is the wild development of anomalous cells in the lung. (5) There are two fundamental kinds of lung malignant growth: non-little cell and little cell lung disease. Non-little cell lung malignant growth (or NSCLC) is more typical than little cell lung disease (SCLC) and happens in about 80% of all lung disease cases. (3) Early lung malignant growth doesn't cause side effects, so when the side effects at last show and the disease is distinguished, it is as of now at a propelled stage. (1) Smoking has been demonstrated to be the essential driver of lung malignancy. About 87% of all cases happen in individuals who smoke. (1) However, not every person who smokes gets lung malignant growth and not every person who gets lung disease smokes. One of the primary side effects of lung disease is a ceaseless hack that goes on for over about fourteen days. Another is consistent chest torment. Different indications incorporate wheezing, brevity of breath, hacking blood, roughness, and rehashed pneumonia or bronchitis. (1) There are additionally less recognizable signs, for example, unexplained fever, weight reduction, or craving misfortune. (2) As referenced before, there are two sorts of lung malignancy: NSCLC and SCLC. NSCLC can be separated into three areas. Initially, there is epidermoid carcinoma which is generally begins in the enormous breathing cylinders, and develops gradually. (5) There is likewise adenocarcinoma, which is found in the bodily fluid organs and ... ...is as yet a deadly ailment that slaughters a great many people on the off chance that it isn't recognized early. The primary method to maintain a strategic distance from lung malignancy is to quit smoking! Cigarettes and tobacco have around 4,000 synthetic concoctions in them which lead legitimately to malignant growth. (1) The more an individual smokes, the more noteworthy the chance of lung disease. Be that as it may, in the event that one quits smoking, the danger of getting lung malignant growth lessens every year. Following ten years, the likelihood diminishes to around one-half or 33% the danger of individuals who keep on smoking. (1) likewise, used smoke causes around 3,000 individuals to bite the dust from lung malignant growth a year. (1)Therefore, the most ideal approach to forestall yourself or everyone around you from getting lung malignancy is to quit smoking! Web Sources: 1) http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22542 2) http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/wyntk/lung#9 3) http://www.meds.com/lung/control/u_lung.html

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Analysis - Assignment Example Be that as it may, this locale is less fortunate than different pieces of U.S. This can be seen from the monetary qualities of the populace. The normal family pay in this locale is $36,299, while in different pieces of the U.S, the normal pay is $50,046. This again emphasizes the point that this area is less fortunate than different U.S locales and extravagances won’t do well in this district. The items that ought to be produced for this locale ought to be necessities like food, fundamental attire and other vital family unit things. Another bit of measurement that shows that extravagances can't win in this locale is the way that practically 25% families are living underneath destitution lines in the area. The all out U.S normal underneath destitution lines is just 9%. This shows originator merchandise and extravagances won’t do well in this district. In any case, this area is at standard as far as instruction with 24% of the individuals having bachelor’s certific ate, which is equivalent to the U.S national normal. So, this market can be served well if the products delivered for this locale are modest and are less exorbitant. The middle age is about the equivalent in Chicago and the U.S. This shows same items can be offered to this district as being offered in the remainder of U.S. The middle of Chicago 34.1 years, though in 35.3 years. This shows the populace design is a greater amount of less exact same, and the items that are offered in the whole U.S locale can be offered to the district 60616. In Chicago around 79% of the populace is above18, while the figure decreases to 75% in the whole U.S.A. This can be utilized by promoting specialists when contriving the adverts for their item. They should remember to make adverts which are true in light of the fact that most of the populace is developed. Here, the data ought not be inaccurate, on the grounds that then many individuals won't accepting the firm’s item. By and large, the lump of populace over 18 is very comparable, yet in Chicago the offer is higher and therefore sponsors should take into

Seeples Spotlight Ayanda Francis COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seeples Spotlight Ayanda Francis COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This semester the Office of Admissions welcomed three new Program Assistants (PAs) to the team. This week Im introducing you to each of them in the form of self-interviews. Its ladies first, so say hello to Ayanda Francis. Ayanda is Jamaican-American, and shes from Atlanta, Georgia. Before attending SIPA she was Fulbright ETA in Turkey, and after SIPA she plans to join the US Foreign Service. Shes concentrating in Economic and Political Development and specializing in International Conflict Resolution and Asia. At SIPA, she has been involved in SIPA Students of Color as the former finance chair, Women in Peace and Security as the former Vice President, and has spent her summer in Timor-Leste with UN Women. What attracted you to SIPA and Columbia University? My reasons can be split into two categories: personal and professional. Personally, my mother came to Columbia for graduate school and loved every minute of it. As a result, I had visited campus many times with her and have wanted to come to Columbia since I was around 10 years old. Professionally, SIPA happens to have an academic program that matches my desires exactly. I wanted to study both development and conflict resolution, and while many programs force you to choose between the two, SIPA has allowed me to study both in depth. The fact that Columbia is located in NYC doesn’t hurt either. ?? What experiences do you think prepared you to  attend SIPA? Attending an engineering school for undergrad definitely helped prepare me for the intensity and rigor of SIPA.  SIPA is hard, y’all! Be prepared. What has been the best part of your SIPA experience? Definitely  meeting the rest of my classmates. Everyone is brilliant and accomplished and comes from such interesting perspectives that challenge me to look at issues in new ways, but they are also just genuinely awesome people to hang out with. Seeples are also of the work hard play hard mentality, so there’s lots of fun to be had. Can you comment on the quantitative rigor in the curriculum? Rigorous! I took the Calc- heavy micro and macro (6400 and 6401), as well as the quant-heavy economic development course. While not entirely murderous, these courses are not for the faint of heart. What’s your internship experience been like? I had a FANTASTIC time at UN Women Timor-Leste. I was working with the Women, Peace and Security team on women in the police force helping the PNTL (national police force) assess themselves on how female officers are treated, what can be done to recruit and retain more women, and how to improve services for women overall. I was doing real and substantive work, representing the UN at governmental meetings, and had the freedom to suggest ideas and projects that would be taken seriously. The office is fantastic and Timor is lovely, so I would beyond highly recommend it! How did you obtain your internship? A class called “ Applied Peacebuilding.” I also HIGHLY recommend it. Its project based, so you are guaranteed an internship if you get into the course. It’s much different than any other SIPA course you’ll take so I would recommend that those interested apply for it! [Photo courtesy of Ayanda Francis, pictured left]

Essay on Philosophy of Education - 2121 Words

According to my knowledge the word philosophy is the study and understanding of knowledge in relevance to studying the wisdom of the universe. The word education is the act of developed knowledge. When put together the phrase, philosophy of education, has extremely deep meaning within the context of knowledge. Therefore, before I can accurately state my position on the issue, I must examine my past, present and future experiences with knowledge. My view on education and my experience with knowledge was very sheltered until I came to Ball State University. My education was developed through private schooling from kindergarten to my senior year in high school. Throughout those eighteen years I was trained for the moment I am†¦show more content†¦I feel that all men and women are equal no matter what cultural background they come from or faith they entrust upon. Everyone has an opinion and contribution that should be viewed as significant. No one person is an island, meaning that we as members of society feed off of each other in our own development, especially in this modern technological world we live within. Toni Morrison summarized it best in her written work, Black Matters, where she states her belief that the African culture and people effect the progress of literature in the White society by the fact of existing in the same society known as the American culture (Morrison 256). This idea of race relation is signi ficant and a multicultural issue that is very much existent in the classroom today. Multiculturalism is a young, recently developed idea in the educational system and is growing just as rapidly as the multicultural American society does on a daily basis. The nation is learning to accept and is no longer suppressing its people with the notion of the melting pot or assimilation. The minority population is holding on to its ethnic roots and adding to it the diverse culture of America. Instead of losing or giving up their identity the people are keeping true to their past in their hearts while developing their mind’s as an American. The students of today and tomorrow possess these distinct and different qualities and beliefs, which educators are now realizing and learning to adaptShow MoreRelatedMy Teaching Philosophy Of Education880 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Education Philosophy test that we took in class, my education philosophy matched with social reconstruction. Social Reconstructionist believes that systems must keep changing to improve human conditions. Also, emphasizes social questions and to create a better society. Social reconstructionist believe that you have to start over to make things better. 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We are there to cultivate their young minds in an arena where children feel safe and secure while expanding and exploring their knowledge of the world around them. We are to create responsible, productive and model citizens of the world. We are given an incredible task to carry out! With that in mind, however education needsRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Education1866 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy of Education An educational philosophy gives teachers and all educators’ ways to use problem solving in schools. For a lot of practitioners, actual teaching has been reduced to action lacking of a rationale or justification. According to Alan Sadovick, the author of our textbook, a philosophy of education is â€Å"firmly rooted in practice, whereas philosophy, as a discipline, stands on its own with no specific end in mind† (Sadovnik, 2013, pg. 179). All teachers and prospective teachers haveRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1175 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs is called a philosophy of education. â€Å"A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher s role, and what should be taught and by what methods† (Philosophy of Education). Educational philosophies differ among all individuals in education. With individual educators, some choose a teacher-centered philosophy and others choose a student-centered philosop hy. It appears that both realms of philosophy play an important role in education inside the typicalRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe philosophy of education is not a topic that can be fully taught and understood by reading and studying a textbook, or a few textbooks for that matter. I believe that the philosophy of education is somewhat subjective, rather than objective, and that there exists numerous answers to what is the â€Å"philosophy of education†. I feel that one’s answers can not be expressed with a single word nor a sentence; and that one has to â€Å"experience† rather than just read to find the answer. Yes, a huge part ofRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe philosophy of education seeks to study the process and discipline of education in order to understand how it works, improve its methods and perfect its purposes in today’s society. How this is done is determined by how well the learner internalizes the concepts of the discipline taught by the educator. Educators have a tremendous responsibility not only to prepare students for their lives ahead, but also to contribute to the evolution of knowledge for future generations. 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Richardson Grand Canyon University: SPE-529N November 18, 2012 My Personal Philosophy of Special Education As educators, we need a foundation for why we want to teach, where students with different disabilities fit in that foundation, a rationale for how we teach, and a principle that keeps us striving to be the best educators we can be. The purpose of this essay is to point out what I believe the foundation, student location, rationaleRead MoreMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words   |  4 PagesIn mathematics, as in life, everything must be brought to the simplest of terms. I base my teaching philosophy on the foundation that every student is capable of learning mathematics. I will strive, as a teacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. I believe to the contrary, all students with motivation, sustained

Business Communications Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2074 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Business Communications Table of Contents Question 1 Q1.1 Q1.2 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Q5.1 Q.5.2 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Communications Assignment" essay for you Create order Question 1 Q1.1 The staff all could have taken her email in a number of ways, such as some may have been very annoyed with Sarah and saddened to see that their once trusted fellow employee could act out in this way .Sarah has lost a lot of respect by sending out this email. She was mad at the time that the email was typed and at the time she was angry at one employee but she then lashed out towards multiple employees. She didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t take into consider that some employees have other responsibilities, such as religious or family matters, so they may from time to time have to address these other issues. Sarah wants the job to be finished as soon as possible so she is not going to focus too much on quality and therefore she is going to rush a lot, but she needs to understand that some employees like to produce a high quality of work and that takes time. The perceptions of this email is going to be different to everyone, some may think that it is very unethical, while some may think that t his is a wakeup call and really start focusing on their work. Every employee is in a different environment and has their own pressures to deal with and Sarah need to come to terms with that. Q1.2(Fielding du Plooy-Cilliers, 2014) Participant as sender: It is important as the sender in this case Sarah that you are to remain ethical and impartial when you are encoding the message. In this email that was send she used unnecessary capitalisation in her email and emoticons, this is very unethical in a work environment, because the capitalised letters could be received as a threat. Participant as receiver: The receivers are the employees and would interpret this email as threatening because Sarah did say that they would lose their jobs and this caused commotion and now some employees are seeking other employment for fear of being fired. A receiver sent feedback to Sarah resigning from the company; this may hinder the company and slow down progress on the big project. Message: This email was sent out to grab the attention of the employees, but this message was typed when the sender was mad and thus she went overboard and frightened employees into searching for other jobs. This email is full of errors and bad uses of punctuation and she even sent the message out as a representative of the company, putting the company in a bad light from the point of view of the public if this ever was released to the public. Medium: The medium that has been used here is an email that has been sent to all staff, this medium is how the business would normally communicate between employees, but there are strict guidelines to sending emails that are work related. Her choice of medium in order to address everyone would be email because it is the fastest way. Channel: This emails channel was the entire company, because she sent the email to all the employees, even the CEO of the company, this may not have been the best channel to use because the people that she would have been wanting to address would be those that are working on the project with her, so a downward channel would have been the ideal channel to utilise. Feedback: The feedback from this email was horrible, causing panic among the company and even having a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“highly skilled technicianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  resign from the company. The CEO has acted on the feedback and made a statement to calm down the panic from the threats of employees being fired. The feedback has reached the funding company and the public; this is bad in terms of our corporate image. Noise: The employees have lost their respect for Sarah and are likely not to trust her very much in the future; this is internal noise that the staff is creating in response to the email. This incident will probably put a Sarah in a tough position and make it difficult to function within the workplace. Sarah when sending the email was probably thinking that she was doing right, so her interpretation of the email was semantic from everyone elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interpretation. When Sarah composed this email she wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t thinking about the different situations that other staff are in, like family and other responsibilities. Context: The context in which Sarah was speaking was not as if she was addressing an entire company but it was informal and rude, this type of communication was not suited for a large group, her wording was not suited for a workplace environment. This type of context was not suitable and she should have gone to higher management and logged a complaint instead of putting the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s image at stake. Result: The result of Sarahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s email was not effective as the message that she was trying to convey was not the message that the staff received and therefore there has been very poor communication and it is mostly the fault of Sarah for not understanding how the staff were going to perceive it and for not taking in to consider the extent of how damaging it is to label an innocent party into her complaint. Question 2 I think that the company needs to build on public relations practises and also the behaviour of staff. With the recent events regarding the email from Sarah, I think that enough time has passed that we can now look at improving ourselves and the company from that incident. In order to improve our image that the public has of our company since the incident with the email got leaked to social media, we are going to have a selected few from our staff to participate in events that will aid the community. Such as a few staff will go to schools and talk about clean energy and the different ways in which we can save electricity in our households. The company will donate and install mini wind turbines to the community to provide electricity to those that are either too poor to pay for electricity or just donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have access. There have been reports that one of the persons that were mentioned in the Sarahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s email has been treated negatively because they we re mentioned in this email. This is very unprofessional of our staff and is to see to it that all of the staff is to attend a work shop that will compromise of professionalism and teamwork. This is mainly cause there is friction among the staff and Sarah, there is going to have to be teamwork in order for the project and future projects to be completed. Question 3 In the case study, from Nontsasaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s observation it appeared that Sarah stomping past Nontsasaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office and then slamming her office door, this is a type non-verbal communication called kinesics or her body language, so referring to the way she was walking, she was mad and irritated. In Sarahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s email she regularly capitalises her text, this emphasises the capitalised text, but also makes the text loud, harsh as she tries to convey her emotions through the text and this is very deterring to the receiver and is called paralanguage. Question 4 (Business email etiquette basics) This email is very unprofessional and is full of spelling mistakes and grammatical errors. Paragraph: There is a spelling mistake on the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unacceptableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There is also unnecessary capitalisation of the text and improper use of exclamation marks. It is not fair to Nontsasa that she is being singled out in this email, she is also being portrayed as an accomplice, and the use of emoticons is unprofessional in a business email. Unnecessary use of capitalisation in this paragraph and improper use of question and exclamation marks, there is a very harsh and threatening tone in this paragraph and some insulting statements that could offend the receiver. There is a grammatical mistake on the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å". There is an error on the first line where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is supposed to be weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re and there is a spelling mistake after the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dumb questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This paragraph is very threatening as she threatens to fire staff for trivial reasons. There is unnecessary use of capitalisation, this paragraph is completely unnecessary as it does not pertain to the original purpose of the email, this is a personal paragraph that shouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be in a business email. She is again including an innocent person in her email, this leads to prejudice among staff. Sarah is pointing out the fact that she works more but she is a career driven person who works overtime, she canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t expect the same from her staff that have other responsibilities to deal with. Unnecessary use of capitalisation and spelling mistake for the word sacrifices on the last line. Threatening sentence with unnecessary capitalisation. Grammar mistake on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Question 5 Q5.1 Summary of report This investigative report outlines the dissatisfaction of the staff after the incident with Sarahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s email and ways in which this incident can be dealt with. Reason for report The reason for this report is that there was a unprofessional email that was sent out to all staff by the companies managing director, that sent a wave of panic and discomfort among staff who feared for their jobs. Main purposes of the summary report Illuminate staff discontent with the recent involving Sarahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unprofessional email. Outline any prejudices that staff have been displaying towards other staff or could display. Ways in which we can solve this situation. Procedures used to gather information Interviewing employees on their feedback from the email in secrecy A survey which was emailed to all staff on their personal opinions External group was asked their opinion Interviewed some staff that may be subject to shunning because of email Conclusions based on information My conclusions based on the information that I have gathered is: Employees were shocked and offended that Sarah could act in such a way, many of them say that they were in fear for their jobs until the CEO made that statement about the email. I find I that it will take time for the staff to regain trust in Sarah after this incident. Teamwork will be lacking and this incident may have just caused the project to be late on completion. The company is in a bad PR situation as this makes the business seem unprofessional in the light of the public and SAAIG. The external group concluded that Sarah seek out training on professionalism and email etiquette. The Main recommendations I recommend that: Sarah not be fired but be given a warning since she is a highly skilled engineer and that she submit a public apology to all staff, hopefully this may help staff to see that it was all a mistake, this should stop any discrimination to any innocent staff mentioned in the email. The company should outsource a company that would set up a workshop on team building for Sarah and the staff. If the project is late it could be dire for the company so outsourcing some professionals to aid in this project will hopefully get the project finish faster. The company need to show the public and SAAIG that they are professional and a respectful business, the PR department should contribute in some Corporate Social Investment, by donating to schools and the community. Sarah should receive one on one training with someone to help her more understand her faults and improve on them. The results of the investigation My findings following the investigation are: That the employees are very displeased that their superior is acting in such a manner. That Sarah keeps her position for the remainder of the project but her position will be revised based on the results following the feedback of the project. A replacement for the employees that we lost due to the email scandal. Q.5.2 Works Cited Business email etiquette basics. (n.d.). Retrieved 05 24, 2015, from Business email etiquette: https://www.businessemailetiquette.com/business-e-mail-etiquette-basics/ Email Etiquette rules to avoid Embarrassment in Future ! (n.d.). Retrieved 05 24, 2015, from TALK OF WEB: https://www.talkofweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Email-Etiquettes-rules.jpg (2014). In M. Fielding, F. du Plooy-Cilliers, Effective Business Communication in Organisations (pp. 14-25). Cape Town: Juta Company Ltd. 1

The Chronic Lyme Disease Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(68) " 30 yearss of antibiotic \( Rocephin or Vibramycin \) intervention\." Lyme disease is a terrible public wellness issue. It is the most common tick-borne infection in the northern hemisphere of the universe ( Feder et al 2007 ) . In North America it is caused entirely by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu strict ( henceforth referred to as B. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chronic Lyme Disease Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now burgdorferi ) , while in Europe it is caused by B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi, and infrequently by other sorts of borrelia ( Feder et al 2007 ) . Lyme disease can be reasonably easy to handle in some patients. However, for some patients, it can go like an eternal conflict. Chronic Lyme disease ( CLD ) , which has been making much contention, is a systemic, disabling status which persists in malice of the therapy. There is an on-going argument if there is such a disease that can be classified as a CLD among scientists. Because of the fact that there is no defined trial for the presence of CLD, health care suppliers have to trust to a great extent on patients symptoms in most of the instances of reoccurrence. Furthermore, as CLD patients represent a instance of Heterogeneity of Treatment Effect ( HTE ) which indicates patient ‘s response to the same intervention varies in different patients, it makes it harder to generalise the definition of CLD. Different Lyme patients have different responses to a standardised intervention. ( Green 2009 ) Furthermore, the intervention of the CLD is ill-defined at this minute ( Marques 2008 ) ; hence making the uncertainty if there is of all time a disease to be cured. Some scientists suggest utilizing antibiotics as a intervention for CLD ( Stricker 2007 ) while others consider it as a mistreatment ( Hodzic et al 2008 ) . In this paper, I will get down with the general information of Lyme disease and analyze the groundss of the being of CLD. Furthermore, I will discourse the way of the farther surveies for the intervention of the disease based on the surveies that were conducted throughout the clip. Besides, I will take a expression at the opposing side of the statement claiming nonentity of CLD and discourse the exposure that their claim possesses. Why does the being of CLD affair? Lyme disease in the United States of America is bit by bit increasing over old ages, and the coverage instances of Lyme disease in 2009 is making 38,000 instances which is twice every bit much compared to the instances in 2006 which was 20,000. ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 ) ( Figure 1 ) The country of infection has broadened, and health care suppliers have seen Lyme disease instances in about all provinces in the United States. However, it is still true that most reported instances are significantly concentrated in the Middle atlantic States, Minnesota, coastal Northeast, and northern California. Lyme disease can be found in the other continent including Asia and Europe. ( NIH 2008 ) Therefore, a batch of patients are enduring from Lyme disease and it is estimated that more than 30 % of Lyme disease patients reach the phase where the symptoms are relentless more than few hebdomads despite the intervention. ( NIH 2008 ) However, irrespective the figure of patient s who are enduring from these conditions referred as CLD, there is still an on-going argument sing being and intervention of this disease. Approximately 11,400 people were enduring from CLD in 2009 harmonizing to the coverage instances of 38,000 and 30 % rate of going CLD. In a terrible instance ( Cameron 2006 ) , about 66 % of 215 Lyme disease patients diagnosed in Westchester County, New York, USA remained sick after intervention for an norm of 3.2 old ages. If this affair remains unsolved, it will ensue a effect where patients can non acquire a proper intervention for CLD. It is an pressing affair for scientists to happen out a solid intervention to profit those patients. So, does CLD be? Lyme disease, a many-sided infection, has a legion aim symptoms including febrility, concern, stiff cervix, and fatigue. The most typical and common symptom of Lyme disease is a characteristic tegument lesion called erythema migrans ( EM ) roseola which appears in the early phase of Lyme disease. On the other manus, the most common symptom that can be seen in CLD is pauciarticular arthritis, and certain neurologic and cardiac manifestations, all of which normally respond good to conventional antibiotic therapy. ( NIH 2008 ) Other than symptoms, there are several groundss to turn out the being of CLD. As mentioned in the beginning, it is estimated that 30 % of Lyme disease patients develop farther status called CLD. Although after the antibiotic intervention take attention of the infection in most instances ( Klempner et al. 2001 ) , a minority of patients have musculoskeletal hurting, concentration trouble, short-run memory trouble, weariness, or all of these symptoms with or without clinical or serologic grounds of old early or late Lyme disease. ( Feder et al. 2007 ) It is thought to be a CLD when a patient exhibits these self-limiting and normally mild conditions longer than about 6 months. ( Nau et al. 2009 ) Thirty-four per centum of a population-based, retrospective cohort survey in Massachusetts was discovered to hold neurocognitive damage, arthritis or recurrent arthralgias, and neuropathy or myelopathy, a mean of 6 old ages after intervention for Lyme disease. ( Cameron 2010 ) In a cohort survey of 215 in turn treated Lyme disease patients in Westchester County ( Asch et al. 1994 ) , 62 per centum of patients had symptoms such as arthralgias, arthritis, and cardiac or neurologic engagement with or without weariness a mean of 3.2 old ages after intervention. ( Cameron 2010 ) In the tests of Klempner et Al. ( 2001 ) , there were studies that 41 % of topics exhibiting with well-documented, antecedently treated Lyme disease had relentless musculoskeletal hurting, neurocognitive symptoms, or dysesthesia, frequently associated with weariness and were ill during a mean of 4.7 old ages after oncoming. In a survey utilizing mice ( Hodzic et al. 2008 ) , relentless infection was documented by feeding ticks upon the mice and so proving the ticks for spirochaetes ( xenodiagnosis ) after 30 yearss of antibiotic ( Rocephin or Vibramycin ) intervention. You read "The Chronic Lyme Disease Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" This infection could be detected by xenodiagnosis for about 3 months after antibiotic intervention. Besides, relentless infection was confirmed by sensing of low degrees of spirochetal DNA in tissues for up to 9 months. Furthermore, Four National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) sponsored tests were conducted as double-blind randomised placebo- controlled tests ( RCTs ) corroborating the being and badness of CLD ( Cameron 2010 ) There are still uncertainties The 2006 Infectious Diseases Society of America ( IDSA ) Lyme disease intervention guideline panel inquired the being of CLD despite the documented grounds that were presented including the 1s provinces above. The IDSA panel questioned the being of CLD and concluded by stating that there is considerable contention and confusion exist over the cause and frequence of this procedure and even over its being. ( Cameron 2010 ) Besides, some of CLD patients have negative consequence with the trials provided to find Lyme disease thereby does non measure up for the intervention. ( Green 2009 ) CDC ( 2010 ) proposes a two-step process when proving blood to find manifestation of Lyme disease. The first measure uses an ELISA or IFA trial. If ELISA or IFA is negative, it is considered that patient most likely does non hold Lyme disease, and no farther testing is recommended. If they are positive or ambiguous, a 2nd measure should be carried out to verify the consequences. These trials can give a falsified consequence due to its sensitiveness of the trials are comparatively high. Therefore, about everyone with Lyme disease, and some people who do non hold Lyme disease, will prove positive. The 2nd measure employs an immunoblot such as a Western smudge or striped smudge trial. When used suitably, this trial is designed to be specific, significance that it will typically be positive merely with an septic individual. It suggests that the first trial was a false positive if the Western smudge is negative. Furthermore, the fact there is no definite trials to name or intervention to bring around CLD causes a uncertainty whether there is an existent disease to be treated. ( Green 2009 ) Further groundss of CLD Lyme disease is diagnosed based on physical findings, symptoms, and a history of possible debut to infected ticks.A ( Klempner et al. 2001 ) Validated laboratory trials such as ELISA, IFA, and immunoblot could be really utile but are non recommended in general when a patient has erythema migrans.A Several signifiers of research lab proving for Lyme disease are offered ( Table 1 ; Feder et Al. 2007 ) , some of which have non been sufficiently validated such as urine antigen trials, immunofluorescent staining for cell wall-deficient signifiers of B. burgdorferi, and lymphocyte transmutation trials ( CDC ) Most normally used and recommended trials are blood trials that step antibodies made in response to the infection. These trials are rather reliable for naming ulterior phases of disease, but it can be falsely negative in patients with early disease. Some patients with early Lyme disease who are treated with antibiotics will non bring forth antibody response to infection, which will en sue in continuously negative serologic trial consequences. ( Ogden et al. 2008 ) Even with those methods of diagnosing, it is really difficult to stipulate CLD from the early phases of Lyme disease. In some patients, symptoms reoccur after the intervention or symptoms ne’er go off in other instances. ( Klempner et al. 2001 ) The word â€Å" chronic † has been used to Lyme disease widely. There are some illustrations where other diseases use the term â€Å" chronic. † For case, there is a â€Å" chronic neuroborreliosis † in Europe, and it is referred as when patients show late neurologic manifestations of untreated or inadequately treated infection. Besides, United States has studies patients with recurrent or relentless arthritis that lasts for up to several old ages, most likely because of active infection. ( Feder et al. 2007 ) However, although there are no definite trials to name CLD yet, there are four classs that can be used as a diagnosing of CLD depending on patient ‘s status. ( Feder et al. 2007 ) ( Figure 2 ) Class 1 patients do non hold laboratory grounds or nonsubjective clinical manifestations of B. burgdorferi, and they receive a diagnosing based on the presence of non-specific symptoms such as dark perspiration, weariness, depression, and concern. Category 2 patients have identifiable unwellnesss or syndromes other than Lyme disease, and patients may or may non hold a history of Lyme disease. Category 3 patients have symptoms of unknown cause, with antibodies against B. burgdorferi but no history of nonsubjective clinical findings that are consistent with Lyme disease. Last, category 4 patients have symptoms associated with post-Lyme disease syndrome. Sing the tests and the experiments presented, it is non difficult to state that the decision should be tilting towards to the being of CLD. Although symptoms vary among patients showing HTE ( Marques 2008 ) , these classs can be a good index to place a patient in CLD patient pool. Furthermore, although there is no trial to corroborate presence of CLD, there is besides no clinically available proving up to day of the month to turn out that B. burgdorferi infection has been eradicated. However, there has been some proving demonstrated, that B. burgdorferi can stay in animate beings and worlds in an infective province, even after with recommended antibiotic intervention. ( Hodzic et al. 2008 ) Treatment The following inquiry that arises sing CLD is its intervention. Since authorities ( CDC ) clarified their place with the being of CLD and confirmed it as a legitimate diagnosing, except some of those scientists who strongly deny the diagnosing, the contention about CLD moved onto the intervention of CLD. Some scientists claim that antibiotics should be used as a intervention ( Green 2009, Klempner 2007, and Fallon et Al. 2007, ) while other scientists say antibiotics should non be recommended as a intervention. ( Hodzic et al. 2008 ) Generally, for early Lyme disease, a short class of unwritten antibiotics such as Vibramycin or Amoxil is curative in the greater portion of the instances. In more complex instances, Lyme disease can normally be successfully treated with 3 toA 4 hebdomads of antibiotic therapy, and so far, it is the lone intervention for Lyme disease. ( Fallon et al. 2007 ) However, there is no solid remedy for CLD and it is a really sensitive issue whether antibiotics s hould be used or non for this diagnosing. There are several surveies conducted demoing reoccurrence of Lyme disease symptoms and betterment of symptoms with drawn-out antibiotic intervention. ( Green 2009, Klempner et Al. 2001, Fallon et Al. 2007, and Oksi 2007 ) Some patients treated with antibiotics for CLD in a dual blind, placebo-controlled re-treatment surveies ( Fallon et al. 2007 ) , which have neurocognitive via media and weariness, acquire better upon re-treatment with 3-10 hebdomads of Ceftriaxone. ( Fallon et al. 2007 ) discovered that patients re-treated for partial response/failure improved in parametric quantities of weariness, hurting and functionality. They besides found that neurocognitive via media did non heighten, even though Fallon found that patients improved at the three-month measuring, but did non keep betterment at the six-month measuring. Oksi ( 2007 ) conducted a partial re-treatment test and partial new patients. All patients were treated with Ceftriaxone for 3 hebdomads and improved 79 % for both new oncoming borreliosis and return or continuity. This survey was intended to prove if longer interventions after 3 hebdomads of IV Ceftriaxone had an improved result. In this survey, 10 hebdomads of farther intervention with unwritten Amoxicillin ( 1500mg a twenty-four hours ) did non advance better result. This test has statistical restrictions due to HTE which makes it complicated to generalise the result to all station intervention Lyme patients. Although non all parametric quantities in survey of Fallon et Al. ( 2007 ) continued betterment, betterment in weariness is an highly of import result, frequently allowing handicapped patients to return to household life and work. Because of the power of these three surveies, length of the surveies, dependable methods they used, and big figure of topics, these surveies should be considered pilot surveies. As indicated earlier, there are several classs among CLD patients. Although antibiotics intervention was effectual in some patients, it is non clear whether it should be introduced to all patients who suffer from CLD, since the maltreatment of antibiotics could ensue in have considerable damage in their health-related quality of life. A survey was conducted by Mark Klempner in 2001 ( Klempner 2001 ) demoing the serious damage of health-related life quality after the long period debut to the antibiotics. Decision As demonstrated, response of Lyme patients to the same therapy is different from patient to patient, clear uping that Chronic Lyme patient exhibit Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects ( HTE ) . This besides makes it difficult to name the presence of CLD in persons. However, clinical groundss indicate that there is a disease that can be classified as CLD. CLD can go terrible. The restrictions in physical operation can be harming quality of life in a serious manner. One survey ( Klempner 2001 ) described the quality of life for patients who suffer from CLD as the same to that of patients with degenerative arthritis or congestive bosom failure, and patients physical damage was greater than damage of patients with type 2 diabetes or a recent myocardial infarction. Fallon et Al. ( 2007 ) described the weariness reported by patients with CLD was likewise to that of patients with multiple induration ( MS ) and their hurting was similar to those of postsurgery patients. Cautiously designed, placebo-controlled surveies have been successful to demo that drawn-out antibiotic therapy is good in certain instances. Even though stray success instances are ever good to hear, such studies entirely are non plenty evidences to prolong a curative attack. Therefore, it is of import for clinicians to recognize the significance of intervention in single patients who is enduring from CLD and the effort to happen a clear declaration should be pursued in farther tests and experiments. How to cite The Chronic Lyme Disease Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Native American Astronomy Essays - Meteor Showers, Leonids

Native American Astronomy For many years astronomers and people alike have constantly heard about the observations and records of the Chinese and Europeans. No other culture can provide as much information as that gathered by the Chinese and Europeans, but there are many other cultures that observed and recorded the night sky, one of those being the Native Americans. During the last fifteen to twenty years archaeoastronomers have uncovered much concerning the beliefs and records of Native Americans. Unfortunately, the methods of keeping records of astronomical events were not as straight forward as the Chinese and Europeans. The Native Americans had to use what they could to record what they observed. Their records were found on rock and cave drawings, stick notching, beadwork, pictures on animal skins and story telling. One of the few dateable events among the various records of Native Americans was the 1833 appearance of the Leonid meteor shower. The most obvious accounts of the Leonid storm appear among the various bands of the Sioux of the North American plains. The Sioux kept records called ?winter counts,? which were a chronological pictographic account of each year painted on animal skin. In 1984 Von Del Chamberlain listed the astronomical references for 50 Sioux, forty five out of fifty referred to an intense meteor shower during 1833/1834. He also listed nineteen winter counts kept by other plains Indian tribes, fourteen of which referred to the Leonid storm. The Leonids also appear among the Maricopa, who used calendar sticks with notches to represent the passage of a year, with the owner of the stick remembering the events. The owner of one stick claimed records had been kept that way ?since the stars fell.? The first notch on the stick represented 1833. A member of the Papago, named Kutox, was born around 1847 or 1848. He claimed that 14 years prior to his birth ?the stars rained all over the sky.? A less obvious Leonid reference was found in a journal kept by Alexander M. Stephen, which detailed his visit with the Hopi Indians and mentions a talk he had With Old Djasjini on December 11, 1892. That Hopi Indian said, ?How old am I? Fifty, maybe a hundred years, I cannot tell. When I was a young boy eight or ten years there was a great comet in the sky and at night all the above was full of shooting stars. (Stephen 37). During the lifetime of Old Djasini there was never a great comet and a sky full of meteors in the same year, but he might be referring to the comet in 1843 and the Leonid storm in 1833. The Pawnee have a story about a person named Pahokatawa, who was killed by an enemy and eaten by animals, and then brought back to life by the Gods. The legend goes that he fell to earth as a meteor and told the people that when meteors were seen falling in great numbers it was not a sign that the world would end. When the pawnee tribe witnessed the time the stars fell upon the earth, which was in 1833, there was a panic, but the leader said, ?remember the words of Pahokatawa? and the people were no longer afraid. This shows how powerful a role astronomy played in the Native American culture. Although the Pawnee learned not to be afraid there were Native Americans who feared meteors. The Blackfeet of Montana believed a meteor was a sign that sickness would come to the tribe in the winter the Kawaiisu thought a meteor started high and fell to the horizon was an omen of death. The Cahuilla thought a meteor was the spirit of their first shaman, takwich, who was disliked his people. Takwich wandered the sky at night looking for people far from their tribe. If he found a lost person he steal their spirit and the person home and eat them. The Shawnee believed meteors were beings fleeing from the wrath of some adversary, or from some anticipated danger.(Howard 178) Many Native Americans saw the stars as heavenly and mystical. The Wintu explained meteors as the spirits of shamans traveling to the after life. The Chumash referred to meteors as a shooting star.